La autoestima sexual: su relación con la excitación sexual / The sexual self-esteem: Its relationship with the sexual arousal

Resumen En este estudio se tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre la autoestima sexual (AS) y la excitación sexual como rasgo, estado y componente de la respuesta sexual. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 65 jóvenes heterosexuales que completaron la subescala Excitación Sexual de las Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales-Short Form, el Massachussets General Hospital Sexual Functioning Questionnaire y la subescala Autoestima sexual del Brief Sexuality Scale. A continuación, realizaron una tarea experimental donde completaron las escalas Valoración de Excitación Sexual y Valoración de Sensaciones Genitales tras visualizar un video neutro y otro con contenido sexual explícito. Los resultados mostraron asociaciones significativas entre la AS y la excitación sexual rasgo y la excitación sexual como componente de la respuesta sexual. Ambas manifestaciones de la excitación sexual explicaron un porcentaje significativo de la AS (R 2 = 0,19). Sin embargo, la excitación sexual estado no se asoció con la AS.

Abstract The aim was to analyze the relationship between sexual self-esteem (SSE) and sexual arousal as a trait, as a state and as a component of the sexual response. The sample consisted of 65 heterosexual young people who completed the Sexual Excitation subscale of the Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales-Short Form, the Massachusetts General Hospital Sexual Functioning Questionnaire, and the Sexual Self-esteem subscale of the Brief Sexuality Scale. Participants performed an experimental task where they completed the Ratings of Sexual Arousal and the Ratings of Genital Sensations after visualizing a neutral film and another one with explicit sexual content. The results showed significant associations between SSE and sexual arousal as a trait and as a component of the sexual response. These two types of excitation explained a significant percentage of the SSE (R 2 = 0.19). However, sexual arousal as a state did not correlate to the SSE.

Caracterización del deseo sexual en mujeres climatéricas de un centro de salud rural / Characterization of sexual desire in climacteric women in a rural health center

OBJETIVO GENERAL: Caracterizar el deseo sexual en mujeres climatéricas de un centro de salud rural. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio no exploratorio descriptivo - transversal, que comprende mujeres entre 45 a 64 años que se controlan en un CESFAM Rural, 2016. La muestra fue de 146 mujeres que contestaron una encuesta auto aplicada, entre ellos el test del deseo sexual inhibido de M&J. Los datos fueron analizados con el software estadístico SPSS versión 22.0. RESULTADOS: Se encuestó a un total de 146 mujeres climatéricas, con un promedio de edad de 51.8 años, de ellas un 64.4% había tenido su menopausia. De las encuestadas sólo un 19,9% presentó inhibición del deseo sexual. La inhibición del deseo sexual se presentó con mayor frecuencia en mujeres que llevaban en promedio 29,3 años con sus parejas, aquellas que presentaban morbilidad crónica, y aquellas que reconocieron tener síntomas somáticos, psicológicos y urogenitales asociados a la menopausia. CONCLUSIÓN: En la evaluación del deseo sexual se debe considerar que existen varios factores que en él influyen y también una gran gama de instrumentos que pretenden medirlo. La mayoría de las usuarias climatéricas rurales (65,1%) no presentan inhibición del deseo sexual. Existen factores que pueden fomentar y causar una inhibición del deseo sexual, mientras otros pueden ayudar a evitar su aparición. Es fundamental conocer y manejar estos factores, con la finalidad de ayudar a la mujer climatérica a tener una mejor calidad de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the sexual desire in climacteric women of a rural health center. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive - transversal non - exploratory study, comprising women between 45 and 64 years old who are controlled at a Rural CESFAM, 2016. The sample was 146 women who answered a self - administered survey, including the M & J inhibited sex drive test. The data were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS version 22.0. RESULTS: A total of 146 climacteric women were surveyed, with a mean age of 51.8 years, of which 64.4% had had their menopause. Of the respondents, only 19.9% showed inhibition of sexual desire. Inhibition of sexual desire occurred more frequently in women who had on average 29.3 years with their partners, those with chronic morbidity, and those who recognized having somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms associated with menopause. CONCLUSION: In the evaluation of sexual desire, it should be considered that there are several factors that influence it and also a wide range of instruments that aim to measure it. Most rural climateric users (65.1%) do not present inhibition of sexual desire. There are factors that can encourage and cause inhibition of sexual desire, while others can help prevent it from appearing. It is essential to know and manage these factors, in order to help climacteric women to have a better quality of life.

A Model for the Management of Female Sexual Dysfunctions / Modelo para abordagem das disfunções sexuais femininas

Abstract Introduction Sexual pleasure is fundamental for the maintenance of health and well-being, but it may be adversely affected by medical and psychosocial conditions. Many patients only feel that their health is fully restored after they resume normal sexual activities. Any discussion of sexuality in a doctor's office is typically limited, mainly because of a lack of models or protocols available to guide the discussion of the topic. Objectives To present a model designed to guide gynecologists in the management of female sexual complaints. Methods This study presents a protocol used to assess women's sexual problems. A semi-structured interview is used to assess sexual function, and the teaching, orienting and permitting (TOP) intervention model that was designed to guide gynecologists in the management of sexual complaints. Results The use of protocols may facilitate the discussion of sexual issues in gynecological settings, and has the potential to provide an effective approach to the complex aspects of sexual dysfunction in women. The TOP model has three phases: teaching the sexual response, in which the gynecologist explains the physiology of the female sexual response, and focuses on the three main phases thereof (desire, excitement and orgasm); orienting a woman toward sexual health, in which sexual education is used to provide information on the concept and healthy experience of sexuality; and permitting and stimulating sexual pleasure, which is based on the assumption that sexual pleasure is an individual right and is important for the physical and emotional well-being. Conclusion The use of protocols may provide an effective approach to deal with female sexual dysfunction in gynecological offices.

Resumo Introdução O prazer sexual é fundamental para a manutenção da saúde e do bem-estar da mulher, mas pode ser afetado negativamente por condições médicas e psicossociais. Em muitos casos, a mulher sente que sua saúde geral é restaurada após retomar sua vida sexual. Porém, a discussão sobre função sexual no consultório do ginecologista é limitada devido à falta de modelos ou protocolos disponíveis para orientar a intervenção neste tema. Objetivos Apresentar um modelo de intervenção nas disfunções sexuais femininas para ser utilizado pelo ginecologista. Métodos Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura com levantamento de estudos sobre o manejo das disfunções sexuais femininas nas diferentes culturas. A partir desta revisão, foi elaborado um protocolo que consiste da história clínica e de um modelo de intervenção para orientar os ginecologistas no tratamento das queixas sexuais femininas. Resultados O uso de protocolos pode facilitar a discussão sobre questões sexuais pelo ginecologista, e pode fornecer uma abordagem eficaz para lidar com os aspectos complexos da disfunção sexual feminina. O modelo proposto, ensinar, orientar e permitir (EOP), tem três fases: ensinar sobre a resposta sexual, na qual o ginecologista explica a fisiologia da resposta sexual feminina, e se concentra nas suas três principais fases (desejo, excitação e orgasmo); orientar sobre saúde sexual para fornecer informações sobre vivência saudável da sexualidade; e permitir a estimulação do prazer sexual, que é um direito individual e importante para o bem-estar físico e emocional do indivíduo. Conclusão O uso de protocolos pode fornecer uma abordagem eficaz para o ginecologista lidar com a disfunção sexual feminina.

Sexualidad y climaterio: una mirada integral / Sexuality and climacteric: a comprehensive approach

Cuando hablamos de sexualidad humana debemos saber que estamos hablando de una compleja y cambiante interacción de factores biológicos y socioemocionales altamente influenciables por la familia, la religión y los patrones culturales. Esto se ve en los hombres y en las mujeres, especialmente en las mujeres. La sexualidad es un concepto intuitivo que cuesta definir. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se define salud sexual como "un estado de bienestar físico, emocional, mental y social relacionado con la sexualidad, la cual no es solamente la ausencia de enfermedad, disfunción o incapacidad". Es una definición que tiene en cuenta varios conceptos, muy importantes todos ellos. La respuesta sexual consiste en una serie de cambios neurofisiológicos, hemodinámicos y hormonales que involucran al conjunto del organismo. Si bien es similar en ambos sexos, en las mujeres no siempre el inicio y la progresión se correlacionan en forma sistemática o lineal como en los hombres. Y de ese intrigante devenir de la respuesta sexual femenina surge la dificultad del diagnóstico de la "disfunción sexual femenina". Podríamos resumirla en "un conjunto de trastornos en los que los problemas fisiológicos o psicológicos dificultan la participación o la satisfacción en las actividades sexuales; lo cual se traduce en la incapacidad de una persona para participar en una relación sexual de la forma que le gustaría hacerlo"16. La menopausia es percibida por muchas mujeres como el fin de la sexualidad, y no solo como el fin de la vida reproductiva. Si bien es cierto que en esta etapa la actividad sexual suele declinar y puede verse afectada por una serie de factores hormonales, psicológicos y socioculturales, para la mayoría de las mujeres la sexualidad sigue siendo importante. Debemos comprender que la disfunción sexual femenina, en cualquier etapa de la vida, es multicausal y multidimensional. A la hora de realizar el abordaje de una paciente, debemos tener en cuenta todos los factores involucrados y saber con qué herramientas contamos. El abordaje terapéutico clásicamente incluye la terapia psicológica y la terapia hormonal. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha incorporado una nueva droga recientemente aprobada por la FDA de los Estados Unidos para el tratamiento del deseo sexual hipoactivo en la mujer: el flibanserín, un psicofármaco que actúa a nivel de mediadores del deseo sexual en el sistema nervioso central, favoreciéndolo. (AU)

When we talk about human sexuality, we know that we are talking about a complex and changing interaction between biological and socioemotional factors, which are highly influenced by society, family, religion and cultural norms. This can be seen in men and women especially in women. Sexuality is an intuitive concept difficult to define. According to the World Health Organization, it is defined as "A state of physical, emotional, mental and social well being related to sexuality, which is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or disabilityˮ. It is a definition that takes into account several concepts, all very important. Sexual response is a series of neurophysiological, hemodynamic and hormonal changes involving the whole body. While similar in both sexes, women are not always the onset and progression correlate systematically or linearly as in men. And that intriguing evolution of the female sexual response, the difficulty of diagnosis of "female sexual dysfunctionˮ. We could summarize it in "a group of disorders in which the physiological or psychological problems impede participation or satisfaction in sexual activities; which results in the inability of a person to participate in a sexual relationship the way she or he would like to do itˮ16. Menopause is perceived by many women as to the end of sexuality, not only as the end of reproductive life. Sexual activity declines with age, and may be affected by a number of hormonal, psychological and sociocultural factors, but, for most women it continues to be important. We must understand that female sexual dysfunction, at any stage of life is multicausal and multidimensional. When approaching a patient, it is important to know all the factors that are involved, and which tools we have for deal with it. Classically, the therapeutic approach has consisted of psychological therapy and hormone therapy. However, we have to consider a recently approved drug by the FDA for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire in women: Flibanserin. It is a psychotropic substance that acts on the mediators of sexual desire on the central nervous system favoring it. (AU)

Models of Sexual Response in Humans

Sexual behavior is crucial in life, yet comparatively little is known about the mechanisms in the sexual response in humans. A lot of theories and models have been developed to explain about the process of the sexual response in humans. The first model of sexual function was described by Masters and Johnson, defined the four-phase model (phases of excitation, plateau, orgasm and resolution). Helen Kaplan proposed a slightly different model of human sexual response by adding the conception of the desire phase. Some years later, a new model of circular sexual response pattern was described by Whipple and Brash-McGreer, who acknowledged the cyclic nature of women's sexual response. Basson presented an alternative model of women's normative sexual function, which featured a responsive form of desire in women's sexual response. Bancroft developed a new theoretical model, the Dual Control Model, which postulates sexual response and arousal is ultimately determined by the balance between the sexual activation or excitation system and the sexual inhibition system. The Sexual Tipping Point is a model created by Perelman, suggesting that a sexual response is determined by a balance between excitatory or inhibitory factors that may be psychological, organic, psychosocial, or cultural. A comprehensive understanding of sexual response and function is of paramount importance for the psychiatrist to study sex, offer counseling to the patient on sex, and practice sex therapy. In this literature, models of sexual response would be reviewed to understand the knowledge of the sexual functioning in humans.

Respuesta sexual en mujeres posmenopáusicas / Sexual response in postmenopausal women

Comparar la respuesta sexual en mujeres posmenopáusicas según el tipo de menopausia presentada. Se estudiaron 120 pacientes divididas en dos grupos pareados, las cuales fueron valoradas mediante un cuestionario de 46 ítems a través de una escala de Lickert, validado mediante el juicio de expertos y el coeficiente Alfa-Cronbach (0.94). Maternidad Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza, Maracaibo. Durante la excitación, sus indicadores en las menopáusicas naturales se ubicaron en las categorías alta o moderada; mientras que en las histerectomizadas en moderada o baja. En el orgasmo, los indicadores analizados se encontraron en iguales categorías, salvo el indicador tipos de estimulación que resultó alto en las que presentaron menopausia natural y bajo en las quirúrgicas. Por su parte, en las fases de meseta y resolución los indicadores se mostraron en categorías similares. Existen diferencias significativas en las fases de excitación y orgasmo entre ambos grupos, reflejando en las mujeres que tuvieron una menopausia natural bienestar sexual, vida placentera y salud

To compare the sexual response in postmenopausal women according with the menopause type showed. One thousand twenty patients were studied, divided into two matched groups, which were assessed through a questionnaire comprising 46 items through a Lickert´s scale, validated by expert opinion and the Cronbach alpha coefficient (0.94). “Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza” Maternity Center, Maracaibo. During the arousal phase, all indicators were located in the high or moderate category in natural menopausal, while in the hysterectomized women were moderate or low. In the orgasm phase, analyzed indicators were in same categories, although stimulation type in natural menopausal women was high and low in the hysterectomized. Meanwhile, in plateau and resolution phases, the indicators were showed in similar categories. There are significant differences in arousal and orgasm phases between the two groups reflecting in the natural menopausal sexual wellness, pleasant life and health

Respuesta sexual en mujeres de edad mediana trabajadoras de la salud / Sexual response in mean age health workers women

Introducción: la incorporación al trabajo insertado y el escenario laboral son factores sociales implicados en la función sexual de la mujer en etapa reproductiva, sin embargo, sus significados no están bien establecidos en la mujer en etapa de climaterio.Objetivo: identificar algunos aspectos relativos a la respuesta sexual en mujeres de edad mediana que laboran en centros de salud de Ciudad de la Habana. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal que consistió en entrevistar a las 59 mujeres de edad mediana que respondieron a la convocatoria de participar en el estudio, todas trabajadoras de 2 centros asistenciales del sector salud del municipio San Miguel del Padrón, en Ciudad de La Habana, y todas con edades entre 38 y 59 años y con pareja sexual estable. Se empleó una encuesta autoadministrada para explorar aspectos sociodemográficos, y cambios en la respuesta sexual (deseo, excitación y orgasmo) en los últimos 6 meses. Como variables a controlar se utilizaron: la edad actual, la etapa de climaterio, las características de las relaciones de pareja y la sobrecarga de género. Se emplearon estadígrafos descriptivos y ANOVA para establecer diferencias entre grupos (valor de p< 0,05 para significación estadística).Resultados: la mayoría de las encuestadas refirió no experimentar cambios en las características de la respuesta sexual. La disminución de cualquiera de las fases de la respuesta sexual estuvo relacionada con las características de las relaciones de pareja, con una mayor edad de la mujer y con etapa de posmenopausia, resultados similares a otros reportes realizados en mujeres con iguales características sociodemográficas que no trabajaran en el sector salud. No se identificó influencia de la sobrecarga de género sobre la respuesta sexual.Conclusiones: los aspectos relativos a la respuesta sexual identificados en el grupo de mujeres de edad mediana fueron similares a los de otros reportes nacionales e internacionales. No se confirma que el escenario laboral escogido tuviera influencia (negativa o positiva) sobre la respuesta sexual de las mujeres evaluadas(AU)

Introduction: to be incorporated into work and the working environment are social factors involved in sexual function of woman in reproductive stage, however, its meanings are not well established in the woman in climateric stage. Objective: our objective was to identify some features related to sexual response in mean age women working in health centers of Ciudad de La Habana. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted to interview 59 mean age women participant in such study working in two assistance centers of health sector from the San Miguel del Padrón municipality in Ciudad de La Habana aged between 38 and 59 and with a stable sexual partner. A self-administered opinion poll was used to explore the sociodemographic features and the changes in sexual response (desire, excitation and orgasm) during the past months. The variables to be controlled were: present age, climateric stage, features of partner relationships and genre overload. Descriptive stadigraphs were used and ANOVA to establish differences among groups (value of p < 0,05 for statistical significance). Results: most of polled persons expressed no change in sexual response features. Decrease of any of the sexual response phases was related to the partner relationships features, with a older age of woman and to the menopause stage, results similar to other reports made in women with similar sociodemographic features no workers of health sector. Influence of genre overload over sexual response was not identified. Conclusions: features related to sexual response identified in the mean age women group were similar to those of other national and international reports. It is not confirmed that the working scenario selected had influence (negative or positive) on the sexual response of study women(AU)